Effects of Lapsi Choerospondias axillaris on Growth and Immune-Related Genes in Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix)
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of Lapsi Fruit Extracts (LFE) Choerospondias axillaris (Roxburg 1832) on growth performance, haematology, biochemical with some growth and immune-related genes in silver carp fingerlings (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). For this purpose, three hundred and seventy-five fish (5.17±0.13g) divided into six groups into eighteen aquaria and fish were fed six purified diets supplemented with ethanol extract (80%) of lapsi fruits (LFE) as A (0.0 g control), B (0.2 g), C (0.4 g), D (0.8 g), E (1.6 g), and F (3.2 g /100 g) for 90 days. Significantly higher (P<0.05) weight gain, %weight gain, SGR, and lysozyme were recorded in D (0.8 g) diet-fed group, while FCR was higher in the control diet group. In haematology, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among the treated and control diet-fed group while reducing trends were observed in SOD, CAT, and GPx levels as compared to control. Glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol level were higher in control and the decreasing trend observed in continuous feeding of the LFE supplemented diet. Protein albumin and globulin level were always higher (P<0.05) in all the treated groups and was better in D (0.8 g) diet-fed group. As compared to -actin gene, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in the liver were always higher and similar results were observed in immune‐related genes interleukin‐8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF- ) in the head kidney of silver carp. The results suggest that lapsi fruit extracts (LFE) can be useful as a feed supplement for proper growth and enhance disease resistance by improving immunity in blood, liver, and head-kidney tissues.
Keywords
References
Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture International, 18(3), 403-414. doi:10.1007/s10499-009-9253-7.
Hoseinifar, S. H., Sun, Y. Z., & Caipang, C. M. (2017). Short‐chain fatty acids as feed supplements for sustainable aquaculture: An updated view. Aquaculture Research, 48(4), 1380-1391. doi:10.1111/are.13239.
Najafian, L., & Babji, A. S. (2012). A review of fish-derived antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides: their production, assessment, and applications. Peptides, 33(1), 178-185. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.013.
Faggio, C., Fazio, F., Marafioti, S., Arfuso, F., & Piccione, G. (2015). Oral administration of Gum Arabic: effects on haematological parameters and oxidative stress markers in Mugil cephalus. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(1), 60-72.
Radke, R. J., & Kahl, U. (2002). Effects of a filter‐feeding fish [silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Val.)] on phyto‐and zooplankton in a mesotrophic reservoir: results from an enclosure experiment. Freshwater Biology, 47(12), 2337-2344. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00993.x.
Rosenberg, A. A., Fogarty, M. J., Cooper, A. B., Dickey-Collas, M., Fulton, E. A., Gutiérrez, N. L., ... & Minte-Vera, C. V. (2014). Developing new approaches to global stock status assessment and fishery production potential of the seas. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, (1086), 0_1.
Yan, X., Wang, Y., & Liu, J. (2007). A review of cage and pen aquaculture: China. Cage aquaculture: regional reviews and global overview, 498, 53.
Arfuso, F., Guerrera, M. C., Fortino, G., Fazio, F., Santulli, A., & Piccione, G. (2017). Water temperature influences growth and gonad differentiation in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L. 1758). Theriogenology, 88, 145-151. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.028
Abdelghany, A. E., & Ahmad, M. H. (2002). Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds. Aquaculture Research, 33(6), 415-423. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00689.x.
Shakya, S. R., & Labh, S. N. (2019). Ethanol Extract of Choerospondias axillaris Fruit Pulp Enhances Haematological Parameters in Oncorhynchus mykiss Cultured in Nepal. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology, 7(1), 21-29. doi:10.3126/njb.v7i1.26947.
Labh, S. N., Kayastha, B. L., & Ranjan, R. (2014). Impacts of varied proportion of dietary protein and feeding strategies on the growth performance of rohu Labeo Rohita (H) in relation with RNA: DNA ratio during intensive aquaculture. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2(5), 01-08. doi:10.3126/ijls.v9i6.11585.
Galina, J., Yin, G., Ardo, L., & Jeney, Z. (2009). The use of immunostimulating herbs in fish. An overview of research. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 35(4), 669-676. doi:10.1007/s10695-009-9304-z.
Sun, Yun, Yong-Hua Hu, Chun-Sheng Liu, and Li Sun. "Construction and comparative study of monovalent and multivalent DNA vaccines against Streptococcus iniae." Fish & shellfish immunology 33, no. 6 (2012): 1303-1310. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.004.
Ardó, László, Guojun Yin, Pao Xu, László Váradi, Gábor Szigeti, Zsigmond Jeney, and Galina Jeney. "Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica) and boron enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila." Aquaculture 275, no. 1-4 (2008): 26-33. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.12.022.
Esteban, M. A., Cordero, H., Martínez-Tomé, M., Jiménez-Monreal, A. M., Bakhrouf, A., & Mahdhi, A. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation of probiotics and palm fruits extracts on the antioxidant enzyme gene expression in the mucosae of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish & shellfish immunology, 39(2), 532-540. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.012.
Faggio, C., Morabito, M., Minicante, S. A., Piano, G. L., Pagano, M., & Genovese, G. (2015). Potential use of polysaccharides from the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida as anticoagulants. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58(5), 798-804. doi:10.1590/s1516-8913201500400.
Labh, S. N., Sahu, N. P., Sahoo, S., Ratna, S., Shakya, B. L. K., & Kumar, S. (2017). Growth performance and immune response of silver striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) fed with Lapsi Choerospondias axillaris (Roxburgh, 1832) during intensive aquaculture. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(3), 188-202.
Hoseinifar, S. H., Khalili, M., Rufchaei, R., Raeisi, M., Attar, M., Cordero, H., & Esteban, M. Á. (2015). Effects of date palm fruit extracts on skin mucosal immunity, immune related genes expression and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. Fish & shellfish immunology, 47(2), 706-711. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.046.
Natt, M. P., & Herrick, C. A. (1952). A new blood diluent for counting the erythrocytes and leucocytes of the chicken. Poultry Science, 31(4), 735-738. doi:10.3382/ps.0310735.
Kakkar, Preeti Handa, R. M. Saxena, N. S. Rathee, and Mamta Joshi. "Water soluble fraction of diesel fuel induced histopathological alterations in the liver of Channa punctatus." Toxicology international 18, no. 1 (2011): 14. doi:10.4103/0971-6580.75846
Hoseinifar, S. H., Esteban, M. Á., Cuesta, A., & Sun, Y. Z. (2015). Prebiotics and fish immune response: a review of current knowledge and future perspectives. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 23(4), 315-328. doi:10.1080/23308249.2015.1052365
Rotruck, J. T., Pope, A. L., Ganther, H. E., Swanson, A. B., Hafeman, D. G., & Hoekstra, W. (1973). Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science, 179(4073), 588-590. doi:10.1126/science.179.4073.588.
Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42.
De, B. C., Meena, D. K., Behera, B. K., Das, P., Mohapatra, P. D., & Sharma, A. P. (2014). Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 40(3), 921-971. doi:10.1007/s10695-013-9897-0.
Ringø, E., Olsen, R. E., Vecino, J. G., Wadsworth, S., & Song, S. K. (2012). Use of immunostimulants and nucleotides in aquaculture: a review. J Mar Sci Res Dev, 2(1), 104. doi:10.4172/2155-9910.1000104.
Baba, E., Uluköy, G., & Öntaş, C. (2015). Effects of feed supplemented with Lentinula edodes mushroom extract on the immune response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and disease resistance against Lactococcus garvieae. Aquaculture, 448, 476-482. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.04.031.
Chang, C. S., Huang, S. L., Chen, S., & Chen, S. N. (2013). Innate immune responses and efficacy of using mushroom beta-glucan mixture (MBG) on orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, aquaculture. Fish & shellfish immunology, 35(1), 115-125. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.004.
Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., & Bhuvaneswari, R. (2005). Restorative effect of Azadirachta indicab aqueous leaf extract dip treatment on haematological parameter changes in Cyprinus carpio (L.) experimentally infected with Aphanomyces invadans fungus. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21(5), 410-413. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00614.x.
Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. S. (2012). Effect of Inonotus obliquus enriched diet on hematology, immune response, and disease protection in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture, 344, 48-53. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.03.010.
Katya, K., Yun, Y. H., Park, G., Lee, J. Y., Yoo, G., & Bai, S. C. (2014). Evaluation of the efficacy of fermented by-product of mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, as a fish meal replacer in juvenile Amur catfish, Silurus asotus: effects on growth, serological characteristics and immune responses. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 27(10), 1478. doi:10.5713/ajas.2014.14038.
. Hien, T. T. T., Be, T. T., Lee, C. M., & Bengtson, D. A. (2015). Development of formulated diets for snakehead (Channa striata and Channa micropeltes): Can phytase and taurine supplementation increase use of soybean meal to replace fish meal. Aquaculture, 448, 334-340. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.020.
. Hien, T. T. T., Tu, T. L. C., Tien, N. V., Trung, N. B., Phu, T. M., Duc, P. M., & David, B. (2014). Partial replacement of fish meal by different soy protein meals in diets of snakehead (Channa striata). Aquaculture, 1, 310-318. doi:10.1111/are.13147.
. Andani, H. R. R., Tukmechi, A., Meshkini, S., & Sheikhzadeh, N. (2012). Antagonistic activity of two potential probiotic bacteria from fish intestines and investigation of their effects on growth performance and immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28(5), 728-734. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01974.x.
Giri, S. S., Sukumaran, V., & Oviya, M. (2013). Potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 improves the growth, immunity, and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. Fish & shellfish immunology, 34(2), 660-666. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.008.
Giri, S. S., Sukumaran, V., Sen, S. S., & Jena, P. K. (2014). Effects of dietary supplementation of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis VSG 1 singularly or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum VSG 3 or/and Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG 2 on the growth, immunity and disease resistance of Labeo rohita. Aquaculture Nutrition, 20(2), 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.019.
Kongnum, K., & Hongpattarakere, T. (2012). Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from digestive tract of wild shrimp on growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish & shellfish immunology, 32(1), 170-177. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.008.
Dash, G., Raman, R. P., Prasad, K. P., Makesh, M., Pradeep, M. A., & Sen, S. (2015). Evaluation of paraprobiotic applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum in improving the immune response and disease protection in giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879). Fish & shellfish immunology, 43(1), 167-174. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.007.
Son, V. M., Chang, C. C., Wu, M. C., Guu, Y. K., Chiu, C. H., & Cheng, W. (2009). Dietary administration of the probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum, enhanced the growth, innate immune responses, and disease resistance of the grouper Epinephelus coioides. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 26(5), 691-698. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.018.
Dawood, M. A., & Koshio, S. (2016). Recent advances in the role of probiotics and prebiotics in carp aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture, 454, 243-251. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.12.033.
Citarasu, T., & Babu, M. M. (2002). Developing Artemia Enriched Herbal Diet for Producing Quality Larvae in Penaeiis monodo/tf Fabricius. Asian Fisheries Science, 15, 21-32.
Wang, J. L., Meng, X. L., Lu, R. H., Wu, C., Luo, Y. T., Yan, X., ... & Nie, G. X. (2015). Effects of Rehmannia glutinosa on growth performance, immunological parameters and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture, 435, 293-300. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.10.004.
MacLennan, A. H., Wilson, D. H., & Taylor, A. W. (2002). The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine. Preventive medicine, 35(2), 166-173. doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1057.
Immanuel, G., Uma, R. P., Iyapparaj, P., Citarasu, T., Punitha Peter, S. M., Michael Babu, M., & Palavesam, A. (2009). Dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of fish biology, 74(7), 1462-1475. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02212.x.
Kanani, H. G., Nobahar, Z., Kakoolaki, S., & Jafarian, H. (2014). Effect of ginger-and garlic-supplemented diet on growth performance, some hematological parameters and immune responses in juvenile Huso huso. Fish physiology and biochemistry, 40(2), 481-490. doi:10.1007/s10695-013-9859-6.
Talpur, A. D., Ikhwanuddin, M., & Bolong, A. M. A. (2013). Nutritional effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on immune response of Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture, 400, 46-52. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.043.
Harikrishnan, R., Kim, M. C., Kim, J. S., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. S. (2012). Effect of Coriolus versicolor supplemented diet on innate immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Listonella anguillarum. Fish & shellfish immunology, 32(2), 339-344. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.026
Dobšíková, R., Blahová, J., Mikulíková, I., Modrá, H., Prášková, E., Svobodová, Z., ... & Siwicki, A. K. (2013). The effect of oyster mushroom β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan and oxytetracycline antibiotic on biometrical, haematological, biochemical, and immunological indices, and histopathological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish & shellfish immunology, 35(6), 1813-1823. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.006
Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M. S. (2011). Impact of plant products on innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture, 317(1-4), 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.03.039
Din, A. R. J. M., Razak, S. A., & Sabaratnam, V. (2012). Effect of mushroom supplementation as a prebiotic compound in super worm based diet on growth performance of red tilapia fingerlings. Sains Malaysiana, 41(10), 1197-1203.
Tewary, A., & Patra, B. C. (2011). Oral administration of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) acts as a growth promoter and immunomodulator in Labeo rohita (Ham.). Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 2(1), 1-7. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000109.
Mulero, V., Esteban, M. A., Munoz, J., & Meseguer, J. (1998). Dietary intake of levamisole enhances the immune response and disease resistance of the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 8(1), 49-62. doi:10.1006/fsim.1997.0119.
Binaii, M., Ghiasi, M., Farabi, S. M. V., Pourgholam, R., Fazli, H., Safari, R., ... & Bankehsaz, Z. (2014). Biochemical and hemato-immunological parameters in juvenile beluga (Huso huso) following the diet supplemented with nettle (Urtica dioica). Fish & shellfish immunology, 36(1), 46-51. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.001.
Wiegertjes, G. F., Stet, R. M., Parmentier, H. K., & van Muiswinkel, W. B. (1996). Immunogenetics of disease resistance in fish: a comparative approach. Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 20(6), 365-381. doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(96)00032-8.
Yuan, C., Li, D., Chen, W., Sun, F., Wu, G., Gong, Y., ... & Han, X. (2007). Administration of a herbal immunoregulation mixture enhances some immune parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 33(2), 93-101. doi:10.1007/s10695-006-9120-7.
Nya, E. J., & Austin, B. (2009). Use of dietary ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, as an immunostimulant to control Aeromonas hydrophila infections in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of fish diseases, 32(11), 971-977. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01101.x.
Nya, E. J., & Austin, B. (2011). Development of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) to Aeromonas hydrophila after the dietary application of garlic. Fish & shellfish immunology, 30(3), 845-850. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.008
Awad, E., Austin, D., & Lyndon, A. R. (2013). Effect of black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa) and nettle extract (Quercetin) on enhancement of immunity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture, 388, 193-197. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.008.
Gunter, G., Sulya, L. L., & Box, B. E. (1961). SOME EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS IN FISHES'BLOOD. The Biological Bulletin, 121(2), 302-306. doi:10.2307/1539434.
Morgan, J., & Iwama, G. (2011). Measurements of stressed states in the field. Fish stress and health in aquaculture, 247-270.
Citarasu, T., Sivaram, V., Immanuel, G., Rout, N., & Murugan, V. (2006). Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Fish & shellfish immunology, 21(4), 372-384. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2006.01.002.
Sahu, S., Das, B. K., Pradhan, J., Mohapatra, B. C., Mishra, B. K., & Sarangi, N. (2007). Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(1), 109-118. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2006.09.009.
Abasali, H., & Mohamad, S. (2010). Immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with herbal iminunostimulants diets. J Anim Vet Adv, 9(13), 1839-47. doi:10.3923/aj.2010.163.172
Metwally, M. A. A. (2009). Effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on some antioxidant activities in tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus). World Journal of fish and marine sciences, 1(1), 56-64.
Pandey, S., Parvez, S., Ansari, R. A., Ali, M., Kaur, M., Hayat, F., ... & Raisuddin, S. (2008). Effects of exposure to multiple trace metals on biochemical, histological and ultrastructural features of gills of a freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Chemico-biological interactions, 174(3), 183-192. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.014.
Li, D., Fu, C., Wang, Y., Zhu, Z., & Hu, W. (2011). The hematological response to exhaustive exercise in ‘all-fish’growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture, 311(1-4), 263-268. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.12.002.
Monteiro, M., Quintaneiro, C., Pastorinho, M., Pereira, M. L., Morgado, F., Guilhermino, L., & Soares, A. M. V. M. (2006). Acute effects of 3, 4-dichloroaniline on biomarkers and spleen histology of the common goby Pomatoschistus microps. Chemosphere, 62(8), 1333-1339. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.038.
Pandey, K. C., Agrawal, N., Vishwakarma, P., & Sharma, J. (2003). Redescription of some Indian species of Thaparocleidus Jain, 1952 (Monogenea), with aspects of the developmental biology and mode of attachment of T. pusillus (Gusev, 1976). Systematic parasitology, 54(3), 207-221. doi:10.1023/a:1022633208319.
Engstad, R. E., Robertsen, B., & Frivold, E. (1992). Yeast glucan induces increase in lysozyme and complement-mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2(4), 287-297. doi:10.1016/s1050-4648(06)80033-1.
Anbazahan, S. M., Mari, L. S. S., Yogeshwari, G., Jagruthi, C., Thirumurugan, R., Arockiaraj, J., ... & Harikrishnan, R. (2014). Immune response and disease resistance of carotenoids supplementation diet in Cyprinus carpio against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & shellfish immunology, 40(1), 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.011.
Carbone, D., & Faggio, C. (2016). Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 54, 172-178. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.011.
Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R. V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P., & Vayalil, P. K. (2011). A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food research international, 44(7), 1812-1822. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.004.
Van Doan, H., Doolgindachbaporn, S., & Suksri, A. (2016). Effects of Eryngii mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) and Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of Pangasius catfish (Pangasius bocourti, Sauvage 1880). Fish physiology and biochemistry, 42(5), 1427-1440. doi:10.1007/s10695-016-0230-6.
Ringø, E., Dimitroglou, A., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Davies, S. J. (2014). Prebiotics in finfish: an update. Aquaculture nutrition: gut health, probiotics and prebiotics, 360-400.doi:10.1002/9781118897263.ch14
Cerezuela, R., Guardiola, F. A., Cuesta, A., & Esteban, M. Á. (2016). Enrichment of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) diet with palm fruit extracts and probiotics: effects on skin mucosal immunity. Fish & shellfish immunology, 49, 100-109. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.028.
Nootash, S., Sheikhzadeh, N., Baradaran, B., Oushani, A. K., Moghadam, M. R. M., Nofouzi, K., ... & Shabanzadeh, S. (2013). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) administration induces expression of immune relevant genes and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & shellfish immunology, 35(6), 1916-1923. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.030
Raida, M. K., & Buchmann, K. (2007). Temperature-dependent expression of immune-relevant genes in rainbow trout following Yersinia ruckeri vaccination. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 77(1), 41-52. doi:10.3354/dao01808.
Chakrabarti, R. (2005). Stimulation of immunity in Indian major carp Catla catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 18(4), 327-334. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.08.005.
Jagruthi, C., Yogeshwari, G., Anbazahan, S. M., Mari, L. S. S., Arockiaraj, J., Mariappan, P., ... & Harikrishnan, R. (2014). Effect of dietary astaxanthin against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish & shellfish immunology, 41(2), 674-680. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.010.
Zhang, Q., Ma, H., Mai, K., Zhang, W., Liufu, Z., & Xu, W. (2010). Interaction of dietary Bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide on the growth performance, non-specific immunity of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 29(2), 204-211. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.03.009.
Talpur, A. D., & Ikhwanuddin, M. (2013). Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish & shellfish immunology, 34(1), 254-264. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.003.
Iwase, T., Tajima, A., Sugimoto, S., Okuda, K. I., Hironaka, I., Kamata, Y., ... & Mizunoe, Y. (2013). A simple assay for measuring catalase activity: a visual approach. Scientific reports, 3(1), 1-4. doi:10.1038/srep03081.
DOI: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2020-0202-6
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Shyam Narayan Labh
